An Outline of Orthodox Patristic Dogmatics
The Real Holy Grail: An Orthodox Response to Dan Brown's Deceptions in Angels and Demons and The Da Vinci Code
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Because
of recent discussions about the Catholic Church's considering defining
a new dogma concerning the Virgin Mary it might be of interest to Christians
of other Churches to have some explanation of the Orthodox Church's position
concerning her.
The
Orthodox Church honors and venerates the Virgin Mary as "more honourable
than the Cherubim and more glorious without compare than the Seraphim.........."
Her name is mentioned in every service, and her intercession before the
throne of God is asked. She is given the title of "Theotokos"
(Greek for "Birth-giver-of-God), as well as "Mother of
God". She has a definite role in Orthodox Christianity, and
can in no way be considered an instrument which, once used, was laid aside
and forgotten.
Objections
to the veneration of the Theotokos are based primarily on what is called
"a lack of scriptural evidence to support such a practice."
While it is true that the Church depends heavily on her Tradition other
than Holy Scripture (Ecumenical Councils, liturgical books, and the writings
of the Fathers) for details and the precise definition of the nature of
the veneration of the Virgin Mary, there are several passages of the New
Testament that really form the basis for our practice.
The
angel Gabriel was sent by God to announce to the Virgin the birth of the
Saviour: "Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee.
Blessed art thou among women." (Luke 1:28) This angelic
salutation forms a part of the hymn of the Church most frequently sung
in her honor. Could we be wrong in repeating the words of the very
messenger of God? Elizabeth, the Virgin's cousin, considered it
an honor for the Mother of her Lord to visit her. "And whence
is this to me that the Mother of my Lord should come to me?"
(Luke 1:43) Is there any real difference between saying "Mother
of God" and "Mother of the Lord"? Surely, God
is the Lord! (Psalm 118:27) In the course of her visit to Elizabeth,
the Blessed Virgin spoke the words that form the principal hymn sung in
her honor at the Matins service.
My soul doth magnify the Lord, and my spirit hath rejoiced
in God my Saviour. For He hath regarded the low estate of His handmaiden,
for, behold, from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed."
(Luke 1: 47-48)
Elizabeth had already been "filled with the Holy Spirit", precisely
that she might cry out: "Blessed art thou among women, and
blessed is the fruit of thy womb." (Luke 1:41, 42) This
honor given the Theotokos by her cousin is exactly what all generations
of the Church do when they call her blessed. Finally, when Jesus
saw His mother and the disciple John standing by the cross, He entrusted
him with her care, but He also established a new spiritual relationship
between them in saying to the disciple: "Behold thy Mother!"
(John 19:27) What possible significance could this declaration of
our Lord have except to make His Mother the Mother of all Christians?
If she really had other children would she be in need of an outsider's
home?
The
Incarnation of God was foretold in the Old Testament. A race was
chosen for a specific purpose: to produce a holy humanity from which
God could take flesh. Mary is the one who, in the Lord's words,
"heard the word of God and kept it." (Luke 11:28)
Through her personal sinlessness she fulfilled all the hopes and prophecies
of Israel. She figured greatly in the very prophecies, the most
important of which is that of Isaiah: "Behold, a virgin shall
conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Emmanuel." (Isaiah
7:14) The Church has always considered the following as prefigures
or symbols of the role of the Theotokos in the Divine plan, and appoints
them to be read on the eves of three of the feasts dedicated to her memory.
The first is the story of Jacob's ladder, which refers to her being the
means by which God chose to enter into the world physically. "He
saw in his sleep a ladder standing upon the earth, and the top thereof
touching heaven, the angels also of God ascending and descending by it".
(Genesis 28:12) Then from the Prophecy of Ezekiel are the words
concerning her perpetual virginity: "And the Lord said
unto me: This gate shall be shut, it shall not be opened, and no
man shall pass through it; because the Lord God of Israel hath entered
in by it, and it shall be shut." (Ezekiel 44:2) The same
is true of the burning bush seen by Moses: Mary contained in her
womb the God-man, Jesus Christ, the God who is a consuming fire, and was
not consumed.
The
consequences of denying the Theotokos a part in the life of Christians
are more serious than one may think in view of all its implications.
Orthodox theology insists upon the two perfect natures of our Lord Jesus
Christ; He was perfect God and perfect Man. The Virgin Mary
communicated the humanity of the Incarnate God. The redemption of
the human race was possible through the union of God and man in Christ.
De-emphasis of the sinlessness of Christ's Mother, insistence upon her
having other children by Joseph (which cannot be demonstrated by the New
Testament), and failure to remember her part in the history of the salvation
of mankind have contributed to a general misunderstanding in some churches
of the Incarnation in all its fullness and power. Very closely related
to the above-mentioned things is the denial of the virgin birth of Christ,
a rather popular feature of present-day liberal theology. After
the virgin birth, the next basic teaching under attack is the divinity
of Christ, and His resurrection, and with that, the Holy Trinity Itself.
The
Virgin Mary in the Orthodox view is not regarded as a mediatrix or co-redemptress.
She is an intercessor for us, and the content of prayer addressed to her
is a request for her intercession. The Orthodox concept of the Church
is the basic reason for the invocation of the Theotokos and all the saints.
The Militant Church on earth and the Victorious Church in heaven are intimately
bound together in love. If it is proper for one sinner to ask another
sinner to pray for him, how much more fitting it must be to ask the saints
already glorified and near the throne of God to pray for us. Surely,
they know something of what goes on here, for else how could there be
rejoicing in heaven over the conversion of one sinner? (Luke 15:10)
The saints in heaven are equals of the angels (Luke 20:36), who are used
by God in the accomplishment of His purpose (Acts 12:7)
There
is scriptural evidence to support the traditional Orthodox attitude toward
the Virgin Mary and the saints. The other equally valid parts of
Tradition also afford abundant evidence of its soundness and importance.
From The Dawn
Newspaper of the Diocese of the South
Orthodox Church in America
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