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(East and West can easily continue dialogue also as
regards the Filioque question providing there is full acceptance of the
doctrine of tradition on the monarchia of the Father. The monarchia of the Father means that the Father is the
sole cause/origin both of the Son and of the Spirit)
This
is a very valuable statement on the
thorny issue of the Filioque, which clarifies many aspects of
the position of the Roman Catholic theology on this matter. I am sure
that this statement will play a very important role in the official theological
dialogue between the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox Church when it comes
to the point of discussing this issue. My reaction as an Orthodox theologian
to this document can be summarized in the following observations:
1.
It is with deep satisfaction that I read in the document the emphatic
assertion that no confession of faith belonging to a particular liturgical
tradition can contradict the expression of faith of the Second Ecumenical
Council (Constantinople 381) which has been taught and professed by the
undivided Church. This is a very good basis for discussion.
2. It is extremely important, in my judgment, to clarify the point
concerning the "source" (πηγή) or "principle"
or "cause" (αιτία) in the Holy
Trinity. This is crucial perhaps decisive. The document of the Vatican
sees no difference between the monarchia of the Father, i.e. the idea
that the Father is the sole "principle" in God's Trinitarian
being, an idea strongly promoted by the Greek Fathers, and St. Augustine's
expression that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father "principaliter".
However, before we can come to the conclusion that the two traditions,
Eastern and Western, understand this matter in the same way, we must raise
the following questions:
a) Does the expression "principaliter" necessarily preclude making
the Son a kind of secondary cause in the ontological emergence of the
Spirit? The Filioque seems to suggest
two sources of the Spirit's personal existence, one of
which (the Father) may be called the first and original cause (principaliter),
while the other one (the Son) may be regarded as a secondary (not principaliter)
cause, but still a "cause" albeit not "principaliter".
The discussions both at the time of St. Photius and at Lyons and
Florence-Ferrara seem to have paid special attention to this delicate
point. It is not accidental that the Greek theologians ever since the
time of Photius insisted on the expression: μόνος
αίτιος ο Πατήρ
i.e. the Father is the sole cause of the Son as well as of the Spirit.
This concern does not seem to be fully covered by the Augustinian expression
principaliter. The second Council of Lyons is unclear on this matter
when it says that the Father as Father of His Son is "together with
Him the single principle from which the Spirit proceeds".
b) In the light of this observation it would be important to evaluate the use of the idea
of cause (αιτία) in Trinitarian
theology. It was not without reason that the Cappadocian Fathers introduced
this term next to the words πηγή
and αρχή (source
and principle) which were common since St. Athanasius at least both in
the West and in the East.
The term "cause",
when applied to the Father, indicates a free, willing and personal agent, whereas the language of "source"
or "principle" can convey a more "natural" and thus
impersonal imagery (the homoousios
was interpreted in this impersonal way by several people in the fourth
century). This point acquires crucial significance in the case of the
Filioque issue.
In the Byzantine period the Orthodox side accused the Latin speaking
Christians, who supported the Filioque,
of introducing two Gods, precisely because they believed that the Filioque
implied two causes--not simply two sources or principles--in the Holy
Trinity. The Greek Patristic tradition, at least since the Cappadocian
Fathers, identified the one God with the person of the Father, whereas,
St. Augustine seems to identify Him with the one divine substance (the
deitas or divinitas).
It is of course true that, as the Vatican document points out,
the Fourth Lateran Council excludes any interpretation that would make
divine substance the source or cause, of the Son's generation and the,
Spirit's procession. And yet the Cappadocian idea of "cause"
seems to be almost absent in the Latin theological tradition.
As Saint Maximus the Confessor insisted, however, in defence of
the Roman use of the Filioque, the decisive thing in this defence
lies precisely in the point that in using the Filioque the Romans do not imply a "cause"
other than the Father. The notion of "cause" seems to be of
special significance and importance in the Greek Patristic argument concerning
the Filioque. If Roman Catholic theology would be ready to admit that
the Son in no way constitutes a "cause" (aition) in the procession of the Spirit,
this would bring the two traditions much closer to each other with regard
to the Filioque.
c) Closely related to the question of the single cause is the problem
of the exact meaning of the Son's involvement in the procession of the
Spirit. Saint Gregory of Nyssa explicitly admits a
"mediating" role of the Son in the procession of the Spirit
from the Father. Is this role to be expressed with the help of the preposition δία (through) the Son (εκ Πατρός δι'Υιού),
as Saint Maximus and other Patristic sources seem to suggest? The Vatican
statement notes that this is "the basis that must serve for the continuation
of the current theological dialogue between Catholic and Orthodox".
I would agree with this, adding that the discussion should take place
in the light of the "single cause" principle to which I have just referred.
3. Another important point in the Vatican document is the emphasis
it lays on the distinction between επόρευσις
(ekporeusis)and processio.
It is historically true that in the Greek
tradition a clear distinction
was always made between εκπορεύεσθαι
(ekporeuesthai) and προείναι
(proeinai), the first of these two terms denoting exclusively
the Spirit's derivation from the Father alone, whereas προείναι (proienai)
was used to denote the Holy Spirit's dependence on the Son owing to the
common substance or ουσία
(ousia) which the Spirit in deriving from the Father alone
as Person or υπόστασις
(hypostasis) receives from the Son, too, as
ουσιωδώς
(ousiwdws) that is, with regard to the one ουσία
(ousia) common to all three persons (Cyril of Alexandria, Maximus the
Confessor et al). On the basis of this distinction one might argue that
there is a kind of Filioque on the level of ουσία (ousia), but not of υπόστασις
(hypostasis).
However, as the document points out, the distinction between εκπορεύεσθαι
(ekporeuesthai) and προείναι
(proeinai) was not made in Latin
theology, which used
the same term, procedere,
to denote both realities. Is this enough to explain the
insistence of the Latin tradition on the Filioque?
Saint Maximus the Confessor seems to think so. For him the Filioque was
not heretical because its intention was to denote not the εκπορεύεσθαι
(ekporeuesthai) but the προείναι
(proeinai) of the Spirit.
This remains a valid point, although the subsequent history seems
to have ignored it. The Vatican statement underlines this by referring
to the fact that in the Roman Catholic Church today the
Filioque is omitted whenever the Creed is used in its
Greek original which contains the word εκπορεύεσθαι
(ekporeuesthai).
Is this enough? Or should we still insist that the Filioque be
removed also from the Latin text of the Creed? It would seem difficult
to imagine a situation whereby Greek and Latin Christians would recite
the Creed together without using a common text. At the level of theologians,
however, the clarifications made by the Vatican statement with regard
to this matter are extremely helpful and can be very useful for the theological
dialogue between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism.
4. The last part of the document, which describes the Spirit as
the Gift of love from the Father to the Son and tries to expand on the
Augustinian nexus amoris,
presents considerable difficulties to me.
On the one hand the document refers to the irreversible Trinitarian
order according to which the Spirit can be called "the Spirit of
the Son" while the Son can never be called "the Son of the Spirit"
(Gregory of Nyssa, Maximus etc.). On the other hand, however, the same
document describes the Spirit as the eternal gift of love from the Father
to the Son on the basis of Biblical texts all of which clearly refer to
the divine economy, and not to the immanent Trinity.
We seem to encounter here the usual difficulty between Western
and Eastern theological tradition, namely the problem of the distinction
between the eternal and the economic level of God's being. The implications
of this difficulty are far-reaching and cannot be analyzed here. Suffice
it to say that the Filioque
at the level of the economy presents no difficulty whatsoever to the Orthodox,
but the projection of this into the immanent Trinity creates great difficulties.
The reference to the well known passage from Saint Gregory Palamas
describing the Spirit as "some kind of love (eros
- έρος)" of the Father
towards the Son or to that from St. John of Damascus who speaks of the
Spirit as "resting" (αναπαυόμενον
- anapauomenon) in the Son, should not be justified on
the ground of the economy.
Neither of these two theologians bases the above references to
the Spirit's relation to the Son on the relation of these two Persons
in the Economy, as St. Augustine seems to do and as the Vatican document
also does. The Filioque
in no way can be projected from the Economy into the immanent Trinity,
and the same is true also of any form of Spirituque
that might be detected--this is in fact possible--from the relation of
Christ to the Spirit in the history of salvation.
This makes it difficult to subscribe to the statements of the document
such as this: "This role of the Spirit in the innermost human existence
of the Son of God made man derives from an eternal Trinitarian relationship
through which the Spirit, in his mystery as Gift of love, characterizes
the relation between the Father as source of love, and his beloved Son".
5. When it refers to the work of the Spirit in relation to that
of Christ at the level of the Economy the Vatican statement
is in my opinion extremely helpful. The idea that the Spirit brings us
into the filial relationship of the Father and the Son making us sons
of the Father by grace through the "spirit of sonship", and
that the constant invocation of the Spirit is necessary for the realization
of the work of Christ in us, shows that the East and the West can reach
a common ground in many areas of Pneumatology in spite of any obscurities
and difficulties that may still remain with regard to the Filioque issue.
In conclusion, the Vatican document on the procession of the Holy
Spirit constitutes an encouraging attempt to clarify the basic aspects
of the Filioque problem
and show that a rapprochement between West and East on this matter is
eventually possible. An examination of this problem in depth within the
framework of a constructive theological dialogue can be greatly helped
by this document.
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